1. Pehea e koho ai i nā waikawa Dicarboxylic no ka hana ʻana o ka Polyester Polyol?

Nā Waikawa ʻAla: Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka Paʻa a me ke Kūʻē Wela

ʻO ka waikawa Isophthalic (IPA) a me ka waikawa Terephthalic (PTA)

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā waikawa dicarboxylic ʻala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i:

ʻAkika Terephthalic (PTA)he ʻano laina maʻamau loa a me ke ʻano crystallization ikaika.

Ke hana ka PTA me nā diols kaulahao pōkole e like me ka ethylene glycol (EG) a i ʻole 1,4-butanediol (BDO), hiki i ka hopena o ka polyester ke hōʻike i ka hana crystallization ikaika, e lilo ai ka polyester polyol i waxy a paʻa paha i ka mahana o ka lumi.

Hiki i kēia ke hōʻemi:

• ✖Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kahe
• ✖Paʻa o ka mālama ʻana
• ✖Ka maʻalahi o ka noi

No laila, ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā polyol polyester maʻemaʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka PTA i nā ʻano hana maoli.

ʻAkika Isophthalic (IPA)he ʻano molekala ʻaʻole like ka symmetrical no ka mea aia nā hui carboxyl ʻelua ma ke kūlana meta. Hoʻemi kēia i ke ʻano crystallization a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa wai.

ʻO ka laulā, hāʻawi nā polyols polyester i hoʻokumu ʻia ma IPA i:

• ✔ʻOi aku ka Tg
• ✔ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka moakāka
• ✔Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kahe ʻana

I loko o nā ʻano hana ʻoihana he nui, hoʻolauna ʻia ka IPA me ka PTA a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waikawa aliphatic e kaulike i ka paʻakikī a me ka maʻalahi.

Nā Waikawa Aliphatic: Ke hoʻonui nei i ka maʻalahi

ʻAkika Adipic (AA)

ʻO ka waikawa Adipic kekahi o nā waikawa dicarboxylic aliphatic i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka polyester polyol.

Hāʻawi kāna kaulahao ʻeono-kalapona palupalu i:

• •Ka maʻalahi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa
• •Elasticity maikaʻi
• •Hoʻemi ʻia ka Tg

ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā polyols polyester i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa adipic nā waiwai Tg ma kahi o-60°C a i -40°C, ma muli o ke ʻano molekala.

Hāʻawi kēia ʻano hana i:

• •Ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe
• •Ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi ʻana i ka abrasion
• •Hana mīkini maikaʻi loa

ʻAkika Sebacic (SA)

Loaʻa i ka waikawa Sebacic kahi kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi ma mua o ka waikawa adipic.

Nā Pōmaikaʻi:

• ✔ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi
• ✔Hana maikaʻi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa
• ✔Nā waiwai hydrophobic i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo SA i nā noi polyurethane hana kiʻekiʻe kahi e pono ai ke kūpaʻa anu hoʻonui.

Nā ʻĀpana Waikawa Hana: Dimer Acid a me Phthalic Anhydride

ʻAkika Dimer

Hoʻolauna ka waikawa Dimer:

• •Nā kaulahao molekala lōʻihi a palupalu
• •Nā waiwai hydrophobic
• •Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maʻalahi
• •ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa hydrolysis

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka dimer acid e hōʻemi paha i ka Tg a me ka paʻakikī. Manaʻo pinepine ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana polyurethane e koi ana i ka maʻalahi a me ke kūpaʻa i ka makū.

ʻAnehydride Phthalic (PA)

He ʻāpana ʻala kūpono ke kumukūʻai o ka phthalic anhydride me ka hopena maikaʻi.

Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi:

• ✔Paʻakikī
• ✔Paʻa
• ✔Hoʻokūkū kumukūʻai

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hopena steric, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kāna hana hoʻohui hui hope i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me IPA.

Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā ʻAkika Maʻamau

ʻO kahi hoʻolālā hoʻohui polyester polyol maʻamau:

• •Nā waikawa ʻala: hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika
• •Nā waikawa Aliphatic: hāʻawi i ka maʻalahi a me ka paʻakikī

Pono e hoʻoponopono mau ʻia ka lakio kikoʻī e like me ka noi i manaʻo ʻia.

2. Pehea e koho ai i nā Diols no ka hoʻolālā Polyester Polyol?

ʻEtilena Glikola (EG)

ʻO Ethylene glycol ka diol maʻalahi loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kemika polyester.

Ma muli o kona ʻano molekala pōkole, hāʻawi ʻo EG i:

• •Ka maʻamau o ke kaulahao kiʻekiʻe
• •ʻAno crystallization ikaika

Ke hui pū ʻia me ka PTA, hiki i ka EG ke hana i nā ʻano crystalline e like me PET, kahi e lilo ai nā polyols polyester i paʻa i ka mahana o ka lumi. No laila, he mea maʻamau ʻole nā ​​polyols polyester maʻemaʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka EG.

I nā ʻano hana maoli, ua hui pinepine ʻia ʻo EG me:

e hoʻoponopono i ka crystallinity a me ka hana hana.

ʻO kekahi o nā pono nui o ka EG ʻo ia:

• ✔Kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa
• ✔Loaʻa ākea

No ka hana ʻana o ka polyester polyol e pili ana i nā mea PET hana hou ʻia, he mea nui ka EG.

ʻO Diethylene Glycol (DEG)

Hoʻokomo ʻo DEG i nā pilina ether i loko o ke kaulahao polyester.

Hāʻawi ka loulou ether palupalu i:

• •Tg Haʻahaʻa
• •Hoʻemi ʻia ka mānoanoa
• •Hana kahe maikaʻi aʻe

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā polyol polyester i hoʻokumu ʻia ma DEG i ka wā e pono ai ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kūpaʻa o nā pilina ether i ka oxidation thermal lōʻihi. No laila, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā ʻōnaehana DEG me nā diols paʻa e like me NPG.

ʻO Neopentyl Glycol (NPG)

Loaʻa i ka NPG kahi ʻano kalapona quaternary me ʻelua mau hui methyl.

Hoʻopale kēia ʻano kūikawā i ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala a hāʻawi i:

• •ʻOi aku ka Tg
• •Paʻa wela maikaʻi loa
• •ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka wā
• •Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana i ka hydrolysis

Ma muli o kona kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka NPG i:

• •Nā uhi PU
• •Nā noi o waho
• •Nā ʻōnaehana polyurethane kū i ka wā

1,4-Butanediol (BDO)

ʻO 1,4-Butanediol kekahi o nā diols koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi polyurethane elastomer a me TPU.

Hāʻawi kona ʻano linear ʻehā-kalapona:

• •Ka maʻamau o ke kaulahao maikaʻi
• •Ka pilina intermolecular ikaika
• •Nā waiwai mīkini maikaʻi loa

Ke hui pū ʻia me nā waikawa ʻala e like me PTA, hiki iā BDO ke hana i nā ʻāpana crystalline i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e like me nā ʻano PBT.

Hāʻawi kēia i:

• ✔ʻOi aku ka ikaika tensile
• ✔ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka abrasion
• ✔Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke keʻa ʻana o ke kino

Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka BDO ke hoʻonui i ke ʻano crystallization, e hoʻolilo ai i nā polyester polyols i waxy a paʻa paha i ka mahana o ka lumi.

No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana hana, ua hui pinepine ʻia ʻo BDO me:

e hōʻemi i ka crystallization nui loa me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikaika mechanical.

Trimethylolpropane (TMP): Ke hoʻolauna nei i ka lālā i kāohi ʻia

He waiʻona multifunctional ʻo Trimethylolpropane (TMP) nona nā hui hydroxyl ʻekolu. ʻAʻole e like me nā diols maʻamau, hoʻokomo ʻo TMP i nā ʻano lālā i loko o nā polyols polyester.

Hiki i kahi liʻiliʻi o TMP ke hoʻonui:

• •lālā molekala
• •Ka nui o ka crosslink
• •ʻO ka paʻakikī polyurethane hope loa

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo TMP i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai:

• •Nā uhi polyurethane hana kiʻekiʻe
• •Nā ʻōnaehana PU paʻa
• •Nā prepolymers polyurethane lālā

I ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hana, ua kāohi pono ʻia ka nui o ka TMP no ka mea hiki i ka lālā nui ke hoʻonui nui i ka viscosity a hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hana.

3. Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka ratio o ka waiʻona-a-ʻakika i ka hoʻohuihui Polyester Polyol?

Ka lakio o ka waiʻona nui

I ka hana ʻana o ka polyester polyol, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana waiʻona i ka nui e hoʻokō ai i nā ʻano hana hydroxyl-terminated.

No nā polyols polyester kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka lakio keu o ka waiʻona i:1.8–2.0 : 1

ʻO nā waiwai hydroxyl kiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi i nā hui hydroxyl reactive hou aʻe no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka polyurethane.

Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka waiʻona ke hōʻemi i ke kaumaha molekala a hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i:

No laila, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka lakio waiʻona-a-ʻakika e like me ka noi polyurethane hope loa.

Pilina ma waena o ka Lāki Waiʻona a me ka Waiwai ʻAkika

I ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka polyester polyol, hoʻoneʻe mau ʻia ka wai i hana ʻia e hoʻokele i nā hopena esterification a me ka condensation i mua.

Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o ka waiʻona:

• •Noho kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka waikawa
• •Lohi ka pane ʻana
• •Lilo ka waiwai waikawa hope loa i mea paʻakikī ke hoʻemi

He mea nui ka waiwai waikawa haʻahaʻa no ka mea hiki i nā waikawa koena ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena polyurethane. Ke hana ka polyester polyol me nā isocyanates, hiki i nā koena makū a me nā ʻāpana acidic ke kōkua i:

No nā noi polyurethane he nui, ke kāohi nei i ka waiwai waikawa ma lalo nei:1 mg KOH/ghe pahuhopu maikaʻi koʻikoʻi.

4. Pehea e koho aiNā mea hoʻouluno ka hana ʻana o ka Polyester Polyol?

ʻO ke koho ma waena o TBT a me BTO e pili ana i:

5. Mana Hana Hana Polyester Polyol

ʻO nā pae nui:

1. Hoʻohuihui ʻana
2. Polycondensation
3. Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka waiwai hydroxyl a me ka waiwai waikawa

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: Kahua Esterification

I ka wā o ke kahua esterification, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā mea aʻe i loko o ka reactor:

Hoʻomaka pinepine ka hopena ma kahi o:180°C

Hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka wai i hana ʻia mai ka esterification ma o:

• •Ka wehe ʻana i ka naikokene
• •Nā ʻōnaehana condenser

Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka holomua o ka hopena ma o:

• •Ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili wai
• •Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka waiwai waikawa

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: Kahua Polycondensation

Ma hope o ka esterification, komo ka ʻōnaehana i ke kahua polycondensation.

Nā kūlana maʻamau:

• •Mahana:200–220°C
• •Hoʻemi ʻia ke kaomi: hana vacuum

Kōkua ka vacuum i ka wehe ʻana i ke koena o ka wai a me ka waiʻona keu, e hoʻoulu ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka molekala.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mahana nui a i ʻole ka manawa pane lōʻihi e hiki ke hana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao, ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kala, a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka polymer. No laila, pono e kāohi pono ʻia nā kūlana o ke kaʻina hana.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: Mana Hoʻopau Kiko

ʻAʻole e like me ka polymerization PET, ʻaʻole pono ka hana ʻana o ka polyester polyol i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO nā ʻōuli maikaʻi nui:

He pahuhopu ʻoihana maʻamau:Ka waiwai waikawa <1 mg KOH/gma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana.

ʻO ka nele o ka vacuum kekahi o nā kumu nui o:

• ✖Kiʻekiʻe ka makū koena
• ✖ʻOi aku ka waiwai waikawa
• ✖Hana polyurethane maikaʻi ʻole

6. Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo Hoʻolālā Polyester Polyol

Kumu Hoʻolālā	Nā Loli Koʻikoʻi	Kumumanaʻo Koho	Pae Maʻamau
ʻOʻoleʻa o ke kuamoʻo	IPA, PTA, AA, SA	Hoʻomaikaʻi nā waikawa ʻala i ka paʻakikī; hoʻomaikaʻi nā waikawa aliphatic i ka maʻalahi	IPA/AA ≈ 7:3
Hoʻoponopono Tg	EG, DEG, NPG, BDO	Hoʻonui ka EG i ka crystallinity; Hoʻemi ka DEG i ka viscosity; Hoʻomaikaʻi ka NPG i ke kūpaʻa; Hoʻomaikaʻi ka BDO i ka ikaika	Ma muli o ka noi
Kaohi kaumaha molekala	Ka lakio o ka waiʻona-a-ʻakika	Hoʻokumu ka nui o ka waiʻona i nā ʻano hana i hoʻopau ʻia e ka hydroxyl	ʻAila/ʻakika = 1.3
Koho mea hoʻoulu	TBT vs BTO	ʻO TBT no ka pane wikiwiki; ʻO BTO no ka paʻa hydrolysis maikaʻi aʻe	BTO 0.2–0.5‰
Kaohi lālā	TMP/Glycerol	Hoʻomaikaʻi nā hoʻohui liʻiliʻi i ka nui o ka crosslink	TMP ≤3 mol%

7. Pehea ka hopena o ka hoʻolālā Polyester Polyol i ka hana Polyurethane?

Noi	Hoʻolālā Polyester Polyol i manaʻo ʻia
Nā mea hoʻopili PU	ʻO nā polyols polyester AA-based maʻalahi no ka hoʻopili ikaika a me ka paʻakikī
Nā Uhi PU	Nā ʻōnaehana IPA/NPG no ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka wā
Nā Elastomers TPU	Nā ʻōnaehana AA + BDO no ka ikaika mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa abrasion
PU wai	ʻO nā polyols polyester kū i ka hydrolysis me nā ʻōnaehana catalyst i hoʻonui ʻia
ʻIli Hana ʻia	Nā polyols polyester palupalu me ka palupalu i kāohi ʻia

Nā koi noi → Nā pahuhopu hana → Koho Monomer → Hoʻolālā ʻano molekala → Koho Catalyst → Hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaʻina hana